Registered under C-156/23

The Court of the Hague seated in Roermond submitted the following questions for a preliminary ruling:

I Is Article 47 of the EU Charter, read in conjunction with Article 4 of the EU Charter, Article 19(2) of the Charter and Article 5 of the Return Directive to be interpreted as meaning that a judicial authority must establish ex officio that the principle of nonrefoulement has not been complied with on the basis of the information in the file brought to its attention and as supplemented or clarified in the adversarial proceedings brought before it? Does the scope of that obligation depend on whether the adversarial proceedings were initiated with an application for international protection, and is the scope of that obligation therefore different where a refoulement risk is assessed in the context of admission or in the context of return?

II Is Article 5 of the Return Directive, read in conjunction with Article 19(2) of the EU Charter to be interpreted as meaning that, where a return decision is issued in proceedings which have not been initiated with an application for international protection, the question whether or not the refoulement prohibition precludes return must be examined before the issue of a return decision and does an established refoulement risk then preclude the imposition of a return decision or is an established refoulement risk in that situation an obstacle to removal?

III Is a return decision revived if that return decision has been suspended because of new proceedings which have not been initiated with an application for international protection, or is Article 5 of the Return Directive, read in conjunction with Article 19(2) of the EU Charter, to be interpreted as meaning that, where the refoulement risk has not been assessed in the proceedings leading to the renewed finding of illegal residence, a current assessment of the refoulement risk should follow and a new return decision should be imposed? Is the answer to that question different if there is no suspended return decision but a return decision which has not been complied with by the third country national and the authorities for a prolonged period of time?